CONTENIDO PROGRAMÁTICO
1. DEFINICIÓN DE FINANZAS.
2. CONCEPTO DE FINANZAS INTERNACIONALES.
3. IMPORTANCIA DE LAS FINANZAS INTERNACIONALES.
4. NOMENCLATURA USADAS EN LAS FINANZAS INTERNACIONALES.
5. VALOR DE CAMBIO CON RESPECTO AL DÓLAR Y AL EURO.
6. TIPOS DE OPERACIONES INTERNACIONALES.
7. VENTAJAS Y DESVENTAJAS.
TEMA 2: BALANZA DE PAGOS.
1. CONCEPTO, CARACTERÍSTICAS, TIPOS DE CUENTAS.
2. REGISTRO DE LAS OPERACIONES CONTABLES.
3. PROBLEMAS EN EL REGISTRO DE LAS OPERACIONES EN LA BALANZA DE PAGOS.
4. ANÁLISIS DE LOS EFECTOS DE LA BALANZA DE PAGOS.
5. DESCRIPCIÓN DE LA BALANZA DE PAGOS EN VENEZUELA DESDE EL AÑO 2005 HASTA EL PRESENTE.
TEMA 3: SISTEMA MONETARIO INTERNACIONAL.
1. CONCEPTO DEL SISTEMA MONETARIO INTERNACIONAL.
2. SISTEMA PATRÓN ORO: DEFINICIÓN Y FUNCIONAMIENTO.
3. SISTEMA BRETÓN WOODS: CONCEPTO Y CARACTERÍSTICAS, COMPORTAMIENTO DESDE 1944 HASTA EL PRESENTE.
4. INSTITUCIONES FINANCIERAS INTERNACIONALES: FONDO MONETARIO INTERNACIONAL: SU CREACIÓN, FUNCIONES, TIPOS DE SERVICIO QUE PRESTA, ROL DE ESTOS ORGANISMOS A NIVEL GLOBAL EN LOS ÚLTIMOS AÑOS.
5. BANCO MUNDIAL: CREACIÓN, FUNCIONES, TIPOS DE SERVICIO QUE PRESTA Y ROL DE ESTE ORGANISMO MUNDIAL EN LOS ÚLTIMOS TIEMPOS HASTA EL PRESENTE.
6. BANCO INTERNACIONAL DE PAGO (COMPENSACIÓN): ACUERDO DE BASILEA: SU CREACIÓN, FUNCIONES Y TIPOS DE SERVICIO QUE PRESTA.
7. SISTEMA MONETARIO EUROPEO: CREACIÓN, ESTRUCTURA, FUNCIONES Y TIPOS DE SERVICIO QUE PRESTA.
8. LA MONEDA EURO: COTIZACIÓN, ESTRUCTURA (CANASTA DE VARIAS MONEDAS).
9. DERECHO ESPECIAL DE GIRO: CONCEPTO, FUNCIONES Y ESTRUCTURA.
TEMA 4: MERCADO CAMBIARIO.
1. CONCEPTO DE DIVISA.
2. MERCADO DE DIVISAS.
3. OPERACIONES DE CAMBIO EN EL MERCADO INTERNACIONAL.
4. TIPOS DE COTIZACIONES DE CAMBIO.
5. CONTRATOS A FUTURO (FORWARD): CONCEPTO, FUNCIONES Y TIPOS DE CONTRATOS.
6. SISTEMA CAMBIARIO DE BANDAS: DEFINICIÓN Y FUNCIONAMIENTO.
7. RIESGO CAMBIARIO: CONCEPTO, ELEMENTOS FUNDAMENTALES DEL RIESGO CAMBIARIO: POSICIÓN CORTA Y POSICIÓN LARGA, TIPOS DE RIESGOS DE CAMBIO: TRANSACCIÓN DE BALANCE Y ECONÓMICO, ENDEUDAMIENTO EMPRESARIAL EN MONEDA EXTRANJERA.
8. COMPORTAMIENTO DEL MERCADO CAMBIARIO EN VENEZUELA DESDE 2005 HASTA EL PRESENTE.
TEMA 5: MERCADO FINANCIERO INTERNACIONAL.
1. CONCEPTO Y FINALIDAD.
2. ESTRUCTURA DEL MERCADO FINANCIERO INTERNACIONAL.
3. TIPOS Y FUNCIONAMIENTO DE LOS CRÉDITOS INTERNACIONALES. (TRAER MODELO).
4. MERCADO DE EURODÓLARES: TIPOS Y FUNCIONAMIENTO (TRAER MODELO).
5. MERCADO INTERNACIONAL DE BONOS: CLASIFICACIÓN DEL MERCADO DE BONOS, ESTRUCTURA Y FUNCIONAMIENTO.
6. MERCADO DE EUROCRÉDITOS: ESTRUCTURA Y FUNCIONAMIENTO.
TEMA 6: FINANCIAMIENTO DEL COMERCIO INTERNACIONAL.
1. CONCEPTO Y FINALIDAD.
2. CARTA DE CRÉDITO: DEFINICIÓN, TIPOS, MODALIDADES, VENTAJAS Y DESVENTAJAS (TRAER MODELO).
3. COBRO DOCUMENTARIO: CONCEPTO Y TIPOS (TRAER MODELO).
4. ACEPTACIÓN BANCARIA: CONCEPTO Y TIPOS. (TRAER MODELO).
5. FACTORIZACIÓN: DEFINICIÓN Y TIPOS (TRAER MODELO).
6. FORFETIZACIÓN: CONCEPTO Y TIPOS (TRAER MODELO).
7. ARRENDAMIENTO INTERNACIONAL: CONCEPTO Y TIPOS (TRAER MODELO).
8. PERMUTA INTERNACIONAL: CONCEPTO Y TIPOS (TRAER MODELO).
TEMA 7: MERCADO BURSÁTIL INTERNACIONAL.
1. MERCADO WALL STREET (NEW YORK): FUNCIONAMIENTO Y TIPOS DE OPERACIONES.
2. MERCADO DEL ORO: FUNCIONAMIENTO Y TIPOS DE OPERACIONES.
3. DEUDA EXTERNA MUNDIAL: MERCADO DE LA DEUDA EXTERNA LATINOAMERICANA, TIPOS DE TÍTULOS QUE SE COTIZAN Y OPERACIONES; PLAN BRADY: CONCEPTO, VENTAJA Y DESVENTAJAS.
4. DEUDA EXTERNA VENEZOLANA: COMPORTAMIENTO DESDE 1983 HASTA NUESTROS DÍAS.
5. CLUB DE PARÍS: FUNCIONAMIENTO, VENTAJAS Y DESVENTAJAS.
6. MERCADO DE TÍTULOS ADR Y GDR: CONCEPTO Y FUNCIONAMIENTO DE ESTOS TÍTULOS.
TEMA 8: INVERSIÓN EXTERNA DIRECTA.
1. CONCEPTO.
2. EFECTOS DE LA INVERSIÓN EXTERNA DIRECTA EN LA BALANZA DE PAGOS EN EL PAÍS RECEPTOR Y DEL PAÍS INVERSOR.
3. LA EMPRESA MULTINACIONAL: DEFINICIÓN, CARACTERÍSTICAS, VENTAJA Y DESVENTAJAS DE SU INSTALACIÓN EN EL PAÍS.
4. FINANCIAMIENTO DE CASA MATRIZ A FILIAL Y VICEVERSA.
5. ASOCIACIONES ESTRATÉGICAS: CONCEPTO Y FUNCIONAMIENTO EN VENEZUELA (TRAER 02 MODELOS DE CASOS EN NUESTRO PAÍS).
6. COMPORTAMIENTO DE LA INVERSIÓN EXTRANJERA DIRECTA EN VENEZUELA DESDE 2005 HASTA NUESTROS DÍAS.
viernes, 18 de abril de 2025
Pending for payment.
Have you seen lately my e-mail to you from an account of yours?<br>
Yeah, that merely confirms that I have gained a complete access to device of yours.<br>
<br>
Within the past several months, I was observing you.<br>
Are you still surprised how could that happen? Frankly speaking, malware has infected your devices and it's coming from an adult website, which you used to visit. <br>
Although all this stuff may seem unfamiliar to you, but let me try to explain that to you.<br>
<br>
With aid of Trojan Viruses, I managed to gain full access to any PC or other types of devices.<br>
That merely means that I can watch you whenever I want via your screen just by activating your camera as well as microphone, while you don't even know about that. <br>
Moreover, I have also received access to entire contacts list as well as full correspondence of yours.<br>
<br>
You may be wondering, "However, my PC is protected by a legitimate antivirus, so how could that happen? Why couldn't I get any alerts?" <br>
To be honest, the reply is quite straightforward: malware of mine utilizes drivers, which update the signatures on 4-hourly basis, <br>
which turns them to become untraceable, and hereby making your antivirus remain idle.<br>
<br>
I have collected a video on the left screen where you enjoy wanking, while the video on the right screen shows the video you were watching at that point of time.<br>
Still puzzled how much damage could that cause? One mouse click is enough for me to share this video to your social networks, as well as e-mail contacts of yours.<br>
In addition, I am also able to gain access to all e-mail correspondence as well as messengers used by you.<br>
<br>
Below are simple steps required for you to undertake in order to avoid that from occurring - transfer $1550 in Bitcoin equivalent to my wallet <br>
(if you don't know how to complete that, just open your browser and make a google search: "Buy Bitcoin").<br>
<br>
My bitcoin wallet address (BTC Wallet) is: 1Gcpk3gmSCZDdihRp3Kc5HAsHoBcNhzXTQ <br>
<br>
Once the payment has been confirmed, I shall remove the video without delay, and that is end of story - afterwards you won't hear about me again for sure.<br>
The time for you to perform the transaction is 2 days (48 hours).<br>
After this e-mail is opened by you, I will get an automatic notice, which will start my timer.<br>
<br>
Any effort to complain will not change anything at all, because this e-mail is simply untraceable, just like my bitcoin address.<br>
I have been developing these plans for quite an extended period of time; so, don't expect any mistake from my side. <br>
<br>
If, get to know that you tried to send this message to anyone else, I will distribute your video as described earlier.<br>
miércoles, 16 de abril de 2025
Glimmer Finance — The First Real-World Asset Marketplace on Solana
🏢 Glimmer Finance — The First Real-World Asset Marketplace on Solana

Imagine owning a piece of a Manhattan penthouse, a gold bar, or a vintage Ferrari — all for the price of a coffee. Sounds like a dream, right? Welcome to Glimmer Finance, a decentralized marketplace on the Solana blockchain that's turning this dream into reality by tokenizing real-world assets (RWAs). Whether you're a crypto newbie or a seasoned investor, Glimmer Finance offers a transparent, accessible, and innovative way to invest in assets once reserved for the ultra-wealthy. And with its ongoing $GLIMM token presale — where prices rise as time progresses — now's the perfect moment to dive in.
In this article, we'll explore how Glimmer Finance is revolutionizing asset trading, why Solana is the ideal blockchain for this mission, and how you can join the presale to be part of this groundbreaking ecosystem. Let's break it down.
Why Glimmer Finance Matters
The world of finance is changing. Traditional investments like real estate or commodities often come with high barriers — think million-dollar price tags or complex legal processes. Glimmer Finance tears down these walls by tokenizing RWAs, allowing anyone to own a fraction of high-value assets. Built on Solana, known for its lightning-fast transactions and low fees, Glimmer ensures a seamless experience that's both secure and cost-effective.
What sets Glimmer apart? It's not just about trading tokens; it's about democratizing wealth. By leveraging Solana's scalability and AI-driven tools, Glimmer makes investing inclusive, transparent, and smart. As reported by CryptoPotato, Glimmer Finance is the world's first RWA presale on Solana, marking a pivotal moment in bridging traditional finance with Web3.

How Glimmer Finance Works
Glimmer Finance simplifies the complex world of RWA investment into a user-friendly platform. Here's how it brings tokenized assets to life:
1. Asset Tokenization
Asset owners can onboard their properties, commodities, or luxury goods through a rigorous process:
- Submission: Owners provide proof of ownership, valuations, and legal documents.
- Verification: Glimmer's AI and compliance teams ensure everything checks out.
- Tokenization: Approved assets are converted into digital tokens via smart contracts.
- Listing: Tokens are listed on the marketplace for trading.
This process ensures transparency and trust, with all transactions recorded on Solana's immutable blockchain.
2. Fractional Ownership
Glimmer's standout feature is fractional ownership, which lowers the entry barrier for investors. For example:
- A $1 million property can be split into 1 million tokens.
- You could own a piece for just $1, gaining exposure to real estate appreciation or rental income.
This approach enhances liquidity and diversifies portfolios, making high-value assets accessible to all.
3. AI-Powered Insights
Glimmer integrates artificial intelligence to supercharge decision-making:
- Asset Selection: AI identifies high-potential assets for tokenization.
- Market Predictions: Real-time analytics provide insights into trends and risks.
- Risk Assessment: Tools like the "Average Risk Score" help you evaluate investments.
These features empower users to invest smarter, not harder.

The Power of Solana
Why Solana? It's the backbone that makes Glimmer Finance possible. Solana's architecture, with its Proof-of-History consensus, handles over 50,000 transactions per second, making it the fastest blockchain for RWA trading. Its low transaction costs — often fractions of a cent — ensure that investors keep more of their returns. As noted in a Medium article by the Harkness Institute, Solana's scalability and robust ecosystem make it ideal for RWA projects like Glimmer.
Solana's recent milestones, like Homebase tokenizing a rental property, show its real-world potential. Glimmer builds on this foundation to create a marketplace that's fast, secure, and globally accessible.
The $GLIMM Token and Presale Opportunity
At the heart of Glimmer Finance is its native token, $GLIMM, which powers the ecosystem. With a total supply of 5 billion tokens, $GLIMM offers multiple utilities:
- Fee Discounts: Pay lower trading fees by holding $GLIMM.
- Staking Rewards: Earn passive income with attractive APYs.
- Governance: Vote on platform decisions.
- Liquidity Incentives: Get rewards for supporting trading pairs.
The $GLIMM presale is live now, but act fast — the price increases as the presale progresses. Currently, 30% of the token supply is allocated to the public sale, with 5% unlocked at the Token Generation Event (TGE) and the rest vesting over 14 months. This structure ensures steady growth and long-term value.
Join the presale today using this referral link: https://glimmer.finance/SEXeAPgIZLu7. By participating, you're not just investing in tokens — you're securing a stake in the future of decentralized finance.

Key Features of the Glimmer Marketplace
Glimmer's marketplace is designed for both novice and expert investors. Here are its standout features:
- Diverse Assets: Trade real estate, commodities, luxury goods, and more.
- Real-Time Liquidity: Buy and sell instantly with AI-driven pricing.
- User-Friendly Design: Navigate the platform with ease, regardless of experience.
- Blockchain Transparency: Every transaction is recorded on Solana's ledger.
These features make Glimmer a one-stop shop for RWA investing, as highlighted in posts on X praising its accessibility and AI integration.
Security and Compliance
Investing in RWAs requires trust, and Glimmer delivers with robust security and compliance measures:
- KYC/AML: Partnered with Parallel Markets for fast, secure identity verification.
- Data Protection: AES-256 encryption and GDPR-compliant storage safeguard user data.
- Smart Contracts: Automated, transparent transactions reduce intermediary risks.
These protocols ensure a safe environment, building confidence for users worldwide.
https://medium.com/media/4a1b3bcff6f81ffcf8e6f1132fbce681/hrefThe Road Ahead
Glimmer Finance has an ambitious roadmap:
- Q2 2025: Presale and community building.
- Q3 2025: Beta platform launch with AI features.
- Q1 2026: Expanded asset listings and risk tools.
- Q2 2026: Multi-chain integration with Ethereum and others.
By Q3 2026, Glimmer aims to be the leading RWA marketplace, with deflationary token burns to boost $GLIMM's value.
Why You Should Join Glimmer Finance
Glimmer Finance isn't just another crypto project — it's a movement to make wealth-building accessible to everyone. Whether you're looking to diversify your portfolio, earn passive income through staking, or simply explore the future of finance, Glimmer has something for you. The ongoing $GLIMM presale is your chance to get in early, with prices rising as the campaign advances.
Take action now: Visit https://glimmer.finance/SEXeAPgIZLu7 to join the presale and become part of this revolutionary ecosystem. By using this referral link, you're supporting the community and securing your place in the RWA revolution.
What do you think about tokenized assets? Have you explored RWA platforms before, or is Glimmer Finance your first step into this space? Share your thoughts in the comments below — I'd love to hear your perspective!
source: https://raglup.medium.com/glimmer-finance-the-first-real-world-asset-marketplace-on-solana-0ae518f9c120?source=rss-f56f44caad34------2
martes, 15 de abril de 2025
The MANTRA Meltdown: Unraveling a $6 to $0.50 Crypto Crash

In the volatile world of cryptocurrency, few events have sparked as much controversy and speculation as the dramatic collapse of Mantra's OM token, plummeting from nearly $6 to $0.50 in a single day on April 13, 2025. This catastrophic 90% drop wiped out over $5 billion in market capitalization, leaving investors reeling and the crypto community scrambling for answers. Was it an insider dump, a cascade of reckless liquidations, or something else entirely?, this article dissects the Mantra meltdown, explores competing theories, and reflects on the broader implications for the crypto industry.
A Catastrophic Collapse: The Numbers Tell the Story
On April 13, 2025, Mantra's OM token, which had been trading at a high of nearly $7, experienced a freefall, bottoming out at $0.40 before stabilizing around $0.52. This represented a staggering loss of over 90% of its value in mere hours. For investors, the impact was devastating: a $10,000 investment was reduced to less than $1,000. The speed and scale of the crash raised immediate red flags, prompting intense scrutiny from the crypto community and media outlets alike.
Mantra, a project known for its ambitious plans to tokenize real-world assets (RWA) worth over $1 billion in collaboration with a firm from the United Arab Emirates, had been a darling of the crypto world. Its market cap had propelled it into the top 50 projects, and its community was buzzing with optimism. So, what went wrong?

Theory 1: Insider Dumping and a Potential Rug Pull
The first theory to emerge pointed fingers at insiders. Social media erupted with accusations that team members or early investors orchestrated a massive sell-off, dumping millions of OM tokens onto exchanges like Binance and OKX. This speculation was fueled by data from blockchain analytics platforms Lookonchain and Arkham Intelligence, which identified 17 wallets moving 43.6 million OM tokens — worth approximately $227 million — before the crash. Notably, wallets allegedly linked to Laser Digital, a Nomura-backed investor in Mantra, and Shorooq Partners, another investor, were flagged for transferring significant sums.
The optics were damning: Mantra's social media accounts went silent during the crash, and the token's price tanked in a low-liquidity window on a Sunday afternoon, a time when trading activity is typically minimal. To many, this resembled a classic rug pull — a scenario where insiders cash out, leaving retail investors holding worthless tokens.
However, Mantra's CEO, John Mullin, swiftly denied these allegations in a Cointelegraph AMA on April 14, 2025. Mullin insisted that neither the Mantra team, its key investors, nor its advisors had sold tokens. He claimed Arkham Intelligence had "mislabeled" the wallets, asserting that the company had provided a transparency report on April 8 detailing its key wallet addresses. Laser Digital and Shorooq Partners echoed Mullin's denials, with Laser stating, "Assertions linking Laser to 'investor selling' are factually incorrect," and Shorooq emphasizing its long-term equity stake in Mantra, not just token holdings.

Theory 2: Cascading Liquidations in a Low-Liquidity Market
The second theory, which gained traction as more details emerged, attributes the crash to a cascade of liquidations triggered by over-leveraged positions in a low-liquidity environment. Mantra's team, in a statement on X, described the event as "reckless liquidations," pointing to exchanges like Binance and OKX. Mullin suggested that a single large sale — possibly not even insider-driven — sparked a domino effect, liquidating leveraged positions and driving prices lower.
Binance's official statement on April 14 supported this narrative, noting that "cross-exchange liquidations" were responsible. The exchange explained that in a low-liquidity window, such as a Sunday afternoon, a single sale can trigger rapid price declines, especially when many traders are using high leverage. For example, a liquidation at $6.50 could push prices to $6.00 in a low-liquidity market, triggering further stop-loss orders and liquidations at $6.10, $6.00, and below.
Adding weight to this theory, Binance revealed it had imposed leverage limits on OM trading since January 2025, suggesting other exchanges may not have been as cautious. OKX, meanwhile, flagged "suspicious activity" across multiple platforms and noted significant changes in Mantra's tokenomics since October 2024, hinting at underlying vulnerabilities.
Curious Fact: The Sunday Effect
The crash's timing on a Sunday afternoon underscores a lesser-known vulnerability in crypto markets. Unlike traditional markets, crypto trades 24/7, but liquidity often dips on weekends, particularly Sundays. A 2023 study by CryptoCompare found that trading volumes on Sundays are, on average, 30% lower than on weekdays, making markets more susceptible to sharp price swings from large orders.
The Regulatory Elephant in the Room
Beyond the immediate causes, the Mantra crash exposes deeper issues in the crypto industry: a lack of standardized regulation and transparency. Unlike traditional markets, where insider trading is heavily monitored and public companies must disclose financial details, crypto projects operate with minimal oversight. Tokenomics, insider allocations, and wallet activities are often opaque, leaving investors vulnerable to manipulation or misinformation.
Noting that while Mantra's high-profile partnerships and top-50 status inspired confidence, the lack of uniform reporting standards made it difficult to assess risks. For instance, the absence of mandatory disclosures about insider token holdings or vesting schedules meant investors had little insight into potential sell-off risks. This opacity contrasts sharply with regulated markets, where such information is public, and insider sales are tracked.
Pie Chart: Investor Sentiment Post-Crash
To capture the community's divided opinions, a pie chart illustrates sentiment based on social media reactions:

Lessons for the Crypto Industry
The Mantra meltdown serves as a wake-up call for the crypto industry. While decentralization is a core tenet, the absence of regulatory frameworks leaves investors exposed to risks that traditional markets have mitigated through decades of oversight. This "uncomfortable conversation" about regulation is inevitable, particularly for projects beyond Bitcoin, which lack a centralized team. Ethereum and other altcoins, with their development teams and token allocations, face similar scrutiny.
Mantra's case also underscores the dangers of over-leveraged trading. High leverage amplifies gains but also magnifies losses, and in low-liquidity scenarios, it can trigger catastrophic cascades. Investors must approach such markets with caution, prioritizing risk management over speculative bets.
Conclusion: A Call for Transparency and Reflection
The Mantra crash of April 13, 2025, remains an unresolved mystery, with investigations ongoing as of April 14. Was it an insider dump, as early data suggested, or a liquidation cascade amplified by low liquidity and reckless leverage? Perhaps the truth lies in a combination of factors. Regardless, the incident highlights the crypto industry's growing pains, from inadequate transparency to the perils of unregulated markets.
As the crypto space matures, stakeholders — projects, exchanges, and investors — must advocate for clearer standards and better risk management. For readers, the question remains: What do you think caused Mantra's collapse? Was it a calculated insider move, a market misstep, or something else? Share your thoughts in the comments below, and let's keep this critical conversation alive.
Sources:
- Cointelegraph: Mantra CEO denies insider OM token dump
source: https://raglup.medium.com/the-mantra-meltdown-unraveling-a-6-to-0-50-crypto-crash-af56cf47b76d?source=rss-f56f44caad34------2