UNIVERSIDAD NACIONAL EXPERIMENTAL
"SIMÓN RODRÍGUEZ"
NÚCLEO PALO VERDE

CONTENIDO PROGRAMÁTICO

TEMA 1: GENERALIDADES.

1. DEFINICIÓN DE FINANZAS.
2. CONCEPTO DE FINANZAS INTERNACIONALES.
3. IMPORTANCIA DE LAS FINANZAS INTERNACIONALES.
4. NOMENCLATURA USADAS EN LAS FINANZAS INTERNACIONALES.
5. VALOR DE CAMBIO CON RESPECTO AL DÓLAR Y AL EURO.
6. TIPOS DE OPERACIONES INTERNACIONALES.
7. VENTAJAS Y DESVENTAJAS.

TEMA 2: BALANZA DE PAGOS.

1. CONCEPTO, CARACTERÍSTICAS, TIPOS DE CUENTAS.
2. REGISTRO DE LAS OPERACIONES CONTABLES.
3. PROBLEMAS EN EL REGISTRO DE LAS OPERACIONES EN LA BALANZA DE PAGOS.
4. ANÁLISIS DE LOS EFECTOS DE LA BALANZA DE PAGOS.
5. DESCRIPCIÓN DE LA BALANZA DE PAGOS EN VENEZUELA DESDE EL AÑO 2005 HASTA EL PRESENTE.

TEMA 3: SISTEMA MONETARIO INTERNACIONAL.

1. CONCEPTO DEL SISTEMA MONETARIO INTERNACIONAL.
2. SISTEMA PATRÓN ORO: DEFINICIÓN Y FUNCIONAMIENTO.
3. SISTEMA BRETÓN WOODS: CONCEPTO Y CARACTERÍSTICAS, COMPORTAMIENTO DESDE 1944 HASTA EL PRESENTE.
4. INSTITUCIONES FINANCIERAS INTERNACIONALES: FONDO MONETARIO INTERNACIONAL: SU CREACIÓN, FUNCIONES, TIPOS DE SERVICIO QUE PRESTA, ROL DE ESTOS ORGANISMOS A NIVEL GLOBAL EN LOS ÚLTIMOS AÑOS.
5. BANCO MUNDIAL: CREACIÓN, FUNCIONES, TIPOS DE SERVICIO QUE PRESTA Y ROL DE ESTE ORGANISMO MUNDIAL EN LOS ÚLTIMOS TIEMPOS HASTA EL PRESENTE.
6. BANCO INTERNACIONAL DE PAGO (COMPENSACIÓN): ACUERDO DE BASILEA: SU CREACIÓN, FUNCIONES Y TIPOS DE SERVICIO QUE PRESTA.
7. SISTEMA MONETARIO EUROPEO: CREACIÓN, ESTRUCTURA, FUNCIONES Y TIPOS DE SERVICIO QUE PRESTA.
8. LA MONEDA EURO: COTIZACIÓN, ESTRUCTURA (CANASTA DE VARIAS MONEDAS).
9. DERECHO ESPECIAL DE GIRO: CONCEPTO, FUNCIONES Y ESTRUCTURA.

TEMA 4: MERCADO CAMBIARIO.

1. CONCEPTO DE DIVISA.
2. MERCADO DE DIVISAS.
3. OPERACIONES DE CAMBIO EN EL MERCADO INTERNACIONAL.
4. TIPOS DE COTIZACIONES DE CAMBIO.
5. CONTRATOS A FUTURO (FORWARD): CONCEPTO, FUNCIONES Y TIPOS DE CONTRATOS.
6. SISTEMA CAMBIARIO DE BANDAS: DEFINICIÓN Y FUNCIONAMIENTO.
7. RIESGO CAMBIARIO: CONCEPTO, ELEMENTOS FUNDAMENTALES DEL RIESGO CAMBIARIO: POSICIÓN CORTA Y POSICIÓN LARGA, TIPOS DE RIESGOS DE CAMBIO: TRANSACCIÓN DE BALANCE Y ECONÓMICO, ENDEUDAMIENTO EMPRESARIAL EN MONEDA EXTRANJERA.
8. COMPORTAMIENTO DEL MERCADO CAMBIARIO EN VENEZUELA DESDE 2005 HASTA EL PRESENTE.

TEMA 5: MERCADO FINANCIERO INTERNACIONAL.

1. CONCEPTO Y FINALIDAD.
2. ESTRUCTURA DEL MERCADO FINANCIERO INTERNACIONAL.
3. TIPOS Y FUNCIONAMIENTO DE LOS CRÉDITOS INTERNACIONALES. (TRAER MODELO).
4. MERCADO DE EURODÓLARES: TIPOS Y FUNCIONAMIENTO (TRAER MODELO).
5. MERCADO INTERNACIONAL DE BONOS: CLASIFICACIÓN DEL MERCADO DE BONOS, ESTRUCTURA Y FUNCIONAMIENTO.
6. MERCADO DE EUROCRÉDITOS: ESTRUCTURA Y FUNCIONAMIENTO.

TEMA 6: FINANCIAMIENTO DEL COMERCIO INTERNACIONAL.

1. CONCEPTO Y FINALIDAD.
2. CARTA DE CRÉDITO: DEFINICIÓN, TIPOS, MODALIDADES, VENTAJAS Y DESVENTAJAS (TRAER MODELO).
3. COBRO DOCUMENTARIO: CONCEPTO Y TIPOS (TRAER MODELO).
4. ACEPTACIÓN BANCARIA: CONCEPTO Y TIPOS. (TRAER MODELO).
5. FACTORIZACIÓN: DEFINICIÓN Y TIPOS (TRAER MODELO).
6. FORFETIZACIÓN: CONCEPTO Y TIPOS (TRAER MODELO).
7. ARRENDAMIENTO INTERNACIONAL: CONCEPTO Y TIPOS (TRAER MODELO).
8. PERMUTA INTERNACIONAL: CONCEPTO Y TIPOS (TRAER MODELO).

TEMA 7: MERCADO BURSÁTIL INTERNACIONAL.

1. MERCADO WALL STREET (NEW YORK): FUNCIONAMIENTO Y TIPOS DE OPERACIONES.
2. MERCADO DEL ORO: FUNCIONAMIENTO Y TIPOS DE OPERACIONES.
3. DEUDA EXTERNA MUNDIAL: MERCADO DE LA DEUDA EXTERNA LATINOAMERICANA, TIPOS DE TÍTULOS QUE SE COTIZAN Y OPERACIONES; PLAN BRADY: CONCEPTO, VENTAJA Y DESVENTAJAS.
4. DEUDA EXTERNA VENEZOLANA: COMPORTAMIENTO DESDE 1983 HASTA NUESTROS DÍAS.
5. CLUB DE PARÍS: FUNCIONAMIENTO, VENTAJAS Y DESVENTAJAS.
6. MERCADO DE TÍTULOS ADR Y GDR: CONCEPTO Y FUNCIONAMIENTO DE ESTOS TÍTULOS.

TEMA 8: INVERSIÓN EXTERNA DIRECTA.

1. CONCEPTO.
2. EFECTOS DE LA INVERSIÓN EXTERNA DIRECTA EN LA BALANZA DE PAGOS EN EL PAÍS RECEPTOR Y DEL PAÍS INVERSOR.
3. LA EMPRESA MULTINACIONAL: DEFINICIÓN, CARACTERÍSTICAS, VENTAJA Y DESVENTAJAS DE SU INSTALACIÓN EN EL PAÍS.
4. FINANCIAMIENTO DE CASA MATRIZ A FILIAL Y VICEVERSA.
5. ASOCIACIONES ESTRATÉGICAS: CONCEPTO Y FUNCIONAMIENTO EN VENEZUELA (TRAER 02 MODELOS DE CASOS EN NUESTRO PAÍS).
6. COMPORTAMIENTO DE LA INVERSIÓN EXTRANJERA DIRECTA EN VENEZUELA DESDE 2005 HASTA NUESTROS DÍAS.

miércoles, 12 de febrero de 2025

⛓⛔ Berachain’s Launch — Missteps, Market Woes, and Hints of a Comeback

🐻 ⛓⛔ Berachain's Launch — Missteps, Market Woes, and Hints of a Comeback

Berachain's Mainnet debut was, by many accounts, underwhelming. Priced around $8 at launch and slipping to the $5 range shortly afterward, the project has faced unrelenting FUD, a market in freefall, and an undercooked ecosystem. Even so, it's too early to call this an outright failure. Much of what Berachain promises — its high-yield DeFi ecosystem built on Proof of Liquidity — has yet to truly go live. Is there hope? Let's explore what went wrong, the controversy around the airdrop, and why this chain might still offer strong yields for savvy users.

1. A Less-Than-Stellar Start

Fact: Berachain launched around $8 and has since slipped toward the mid-single-digit mark, landing near the top 150 in market capitalization. While alarming, only a few days have passed. The chain's unique proposition — Proof of Liquidity — isn't yet fully operational. Early hype pegged Berachain tokens at $40, but current conditions clearly paint a different picture.

Why Did Price Drop?

1. Market Crash for Altcoins

  • Many altcoins saw a 70% decline over the last month.
  • Launch timing was unfortunate, happening amidst a bloodbath.

2. Extreme FUD

  • Prominent influencers coordinated negative commentary on launch day.
  • Half-truths and misinformed claims undercut confidence.

3. Ecosystem Not Ready

  • A mere handful of live dApps the first day.
  • Proof of Liquidity (PoL) not fully in motion.
  • Hence, no immediate incentive to hold or utilize $BERA.

2. Errors from the Team

Multiple issues are fueling the negativity:

  • Launching Without Actual Utility:
    Berachain's entire brand revolves around its PoL system and a robust DeFi ecosystem. Yet, they launched with almost no DeFi apps or rewards in place. As a result, $BERA has felt "useless."
  • Lack of Incentives for $BGT:
    The chain's engine relies on generating $BGT for liquidity providers, then staking or leveraging it within dApps. But at Day 1, the "flywheel" couldn't spin at all.
  • Communication Gaps:
    Some aspects — like inflation (10% annual) and VC staking — were revealed at the eleventh hour. Consequently, the community filled in the blanks with worst-case assumptions, creating more FUD.
If developers had explained the locked tokens, staking APR, and phased ecosystem rollouts earlier, many misunderstandings could have been avoided.

3. The FUD Factor

This is the most intense wave of FUD witnessed in a project's early hours. Not just disgruntled airdrop participants — this wave included large Twitter and Instagram accounts attacking Berachain on launch day. Some criticisms had kernels of truth (like insufficient communication), while others were pure speculation (e.g., claims of a 20% APR for VC staked tokens). In reality, it's closer to 3%.

Impact:

  • Distrust soared.
  • $BERA holders saw panic-selling.
  • The price had nowhere to go but down, especially in a bearish altcoin market.

4. Inflation, VCs, and a 3% APR Reality

One crucial misunderstanding revolved around the VC tokens. Yes, they have tokens locked for one year, followed by two years of linear vesting. However, locked tokens could still be staked, generating APR — a scenario leading many to believe VCs would aggressively dump large sums regularly.

  • Actual APR: Closer to 3% per year for stakers, not 20%.
  • Distribution of Inflation:
  • ~16% goes to stakers.
  • ~84% feeds PoL-based liquidity rewards.

With most tokens locked, big VC unlocks won't happen until month 12, followed by 24 months of gradual vesting. By clarifying this earlier, Berachain could've silenced much of the FUD.

5. Controversial Airdrop Distribution

Bears Got the Lion's Share

A 15% slice of $BERA's total supply was earmarked for airdrops:

  • 6.9% to holders of "B Bears," the chain's flagship NFT collection.
  • Remaining allocated among testers (testnet participants) and other grants (like Boyco).

This was widely known within Berachain's NFT circles. Yet, many outside the loop perceived it as "insider favoritism." In truth, the B Bears were listed publicly on OpenSea for three years, accessible to anyone.

Testnet: The Eternal Debate

Countless watchers expected a big testnet airdrop. However, testnets rarely deliver huge token giveaways because:

  1. No Real Value: Over 100,000 testers might show up, but the devs only need a small subset for meaningful feedback.
  2. Exorbitant Cost: Rewarding thousands of testers equally means minuscule amounts or unsustainable inflation.
  3. Low or No ROI: Protocols gain limited benefit from purely "free" test usage.

Thus, some testnet participants who received zero or negligible $BERA felt shortchanged. From a dev standpoint, massive testnet airdrops are impractical.

6. The Future of Berachain: Three Phases

Phase 0: "Network Skeleton"

  • Mainnet live technically, but no real DeFi.
  • Minimal dApps, trivial PoL rewards.

Phase 1: Ecosystem Emergence

  • More protocols launch weekly.
  • PoL transitions into full throttle, distributing $BGT for liquidity.
  • Real yield strategies become possible, from farming to staking.

Phase 2: Decentralization & Maturity

  • Many more nodes come online.
  • Larger portion of supply in active play.
  • Stronger incentive structures and advanced DeFi features.
Until Phase 1 hits its stride, Berachain remains incomplete. The real test is whether these dApps roll out in time to capitalize on renewed market interest.

7. Should You Bet on $BERA Now?

Opinions are split:

  • Short-Term: The next few months could see hype cycles if dApps and PoL incentives drive usage. Some predict a short rally.
  • After 1 Year: VC unlocks loom, significantly increasing token supply. Many fear extra sell pressure.
  • DeFi Utility: Berachain's yield environment might still be huge. Active farmers can earn robust APRs without heavy reliance on $BERA's price. The network's unique Proof of Liquidity, if executed correctly, can transform DeFi liquidity provisioning.

Conclusion

Berachain's rocky start stands as a case study in how poor timing, deficient communication, and coordinated FUD can tank confidence in record time. But if you peel away the hype and negativity, two truths remain:

  1. It's Early — the majority of DeFi architecture is still offline.
  2. Proof of Liquidity could prove valuable once the ecosystem is fully deployed.

Actionable Takeaways

  • Patience: If you're intrigued, monitor upcoming dApp launches rather than panic-selling or buying blindly.
  • DeFi Farming: Berachain might still host top-tier yields once Phase 1 arrives.
  • Risk Tolerance: Approach $BERA with caution post Year 1 — significant VC unlocks may spark volatility.

What do you think?

  • Will PoL prove game-changing once these dApps materialize?
  • Or does Berachain risk sliding further with VC unlocks on the horizon?

Share your opinions below. Engaging in open dialogue could shape whether Berachain emerges as a top yield strategy or just another altcoin cautionary tale.



source: https://raglup.medium.com/berachains-launch-missteps-market-woes-and-hints-of-a-comeback-089f7ca0dd52?source=rss-f56f44caad34------2

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