UNIVERSIDAD NACIONAL EXPERIMENTAL
"SIMÓN RODRÍGUEZ"
NÚCLEO PALO VERDE

CONTENIDO PROGRAMÁTICO

TEMA 1: GENERALIDADES.

1. DEFINICIÓN DE FINANZAS.
2. CONCEPTO DE FINANZAS INTERNACIONALES.
3. IMPORTANCIA DE LAS FINANZAS INTERNACIONALES.
4. NOMENCLATURA USADAS EN LAS FINANZAS INTERNACIONALES.
5. VALOR DE CAMBIO CON RESPECTO AL DÓLAR Y AL EURO.
6. TIPOS DE OPERACIONES INTERNACIONALES.
7. VENTAJAS Y DESVENTAJAS.

TEMA 2: BALANZA DE PAGOS.

1. CONCEPTO, CARACTERÍSTICAS, TIPOS DE CUENTAS.
2. REGISTRO DE LAS OPERACIONES CONTABLES.
3. PROBLEMAS EN EL REGISTRO DE LAS OPERACIONES EN LA BALANZA DE PAGOS.
4. ANÁLISIS DE LOS EFECTOS DE LA BALANZA DE PAGOS.
5. DESCRIPCIÓN DE LA BALANZA DE PAGOS EN VENEZUELA DESDE EL AÑO 2005 HASTA EL PRESENTE.

TEMA 3: SISTEMA MONETARIO INTERNACIONAL.

1. CONCEPTO DEL SISTEMA MONETARIO INTERNACIONAL.
2. SISTEMA PATRÓN ORO: DEFINICIÓN Y FUNCIONAMIENTO.
3. SISTEMA BRETÓN WOODS: CONCEPTO Y CARACTERÍSTICAS, COMPORTAMIENTO DESDE 1944 HASTA EL PRESENTE.
4. INSTITUCIONES FINANCIERAS INTERNACIONALES: FONDO MONETARIO INTERNACIONAL: SU CREACIÓN, FUNCIONES, TIPOS DE SERVICIO QUE PRESTA, ROL DE ESTOS ORGANISMOS A NIVEL GLOBAL EN LOS ÚLTIMOS AÑOS.
5. BANCO MUNDIAL: CREACIÓN, FUNCIONES, TIPOS DE SERVICIO QUE PRESTA Y ROL DE ESTE ORGANISMO MUNDIAL EN LOS ÚLTIMOS TIEMPOS HASTA EL PRESENTE.
6. BANCO INTERNACIONAL DE PAGO (COMPENSACIÓN): ACUERDO DE BASILEA: SU CREACIÓN, FUNCIONES Y TIPOS DE SERVICIO QUE PRESTA.
7. SISTEMA MONETARIO EUROPEO: CREACIÓN, ESTRUCTURA, FUNCIONES Y TIPOS DE SERVICIO QUE PRESTA.
8. LA MONEDA EURO: COTIZACIÓN, ESTRUCTURA (CANASTA DE VARIAS MONEDAS).
9. DERECHO ESPECIAL DE GIRO: CONCEPTO, FUNCIONES Y ESTRUCTURA.

TEMA 4: MERCADO CAMBIARIO.

1. CONCEPTO DE DIVISA.
2. MERCADO DE DIVISAS.
3. OPERACIONES DE CAMBIO EN EL MERCADO INTERNACIONAL.
4. TIPOS DE COTIZACIONES DE CAMBIO.
5. CONTRATOS A FUTURO (FORWARD): CONCEPTO, FUNCIONES Y TIPOS DE CONTRATOS.
6. SISTEMA CAMBIARIO DE BANDAS: DEFINICIÓN Y FUNCIONAMIENTO.
7. RIESGO CAMBIARIO: CONCEPTO, ELEMENTOS FUNDAMENTALES DEL RIESGO CAMBIARIO: POSICIÓN CORTA Y POSICIÓN LARGA, TIPOS DE RIESGOS DE CAMBIO: TRANSACCIÓN DE BALANCE Y ECONÓMICO, ENDEUDAMIENTO EMPRESARIAL EN MONEDA EXTRANJERA.
8. COMPORTAMIENTO DEL MERCADO CAMBIARIO EN VENEZUELA DESDE 2005 HASTA EL PRESENTE.

TEMA 5: MERCADO FINANCIERO INTERNACIONAL.

1. CONCEPTO Y FINALIDAD.
2. ESTRUCTURA DEL MERCADO FINANCIERO INTERNACIONAL.
3. TIPOS Y FUNCIONAMIENTO DE LOS CRÉDITOS INTERNACIONALES. (TRAER MODELO).
4. MERCADO DE EURODÓLARES: TIPOS Y FUNCIONAMIENTO (TRAER MODELO).
5. MERCADO INTERNACIONAL DE BONOS: CLASIFICACIÓN DEL MERCADO DE BONOS, ESTRUCTURA Y FUNCIONAMIENTO.
6. MERCADO DE EUROCRÉDITOS: ESTRUCTURA Y FUNCIONAMIENTO.

TEMA 6: FINANCIAMIENTO DEL COMERCIO INTERNACIONAL.

1. CONCEPTO Y FINALIDAD.
2. CARTA DE CRÉDITO: DEFINICIÓN, TIPOS, MODALIDADES, VENTAJAS Y DESVENTAJAS (TRAER MODELO).
3. COBRO DOCUMENTARIO: CONCEPTO Y TIPOS (TRAER MODELO).
4. ACEPTACIÓN BANCARIA: CONCEPTO Y TIPOS. (TRAER MODELO).
5. FACTORIZACIÓN: DEFINICIÓN Y TIPOS (TRAER MODELO).
6. FORFETIZACIÓN: CONCEPTO Y TIPOS (TRAER MODELO).
7. ARRENDAMIENTO INTERNACIONAL: CONCEPTO Y TIPOS (TRAER MODELO).
8. PERMUTA INTERNACIONAL: CONCEPTO Y TIPOS (TRAER MODELO).

TEMA 7: MERCADO BURSÁTIL INTERNACIONAL.

1. MERCADO WALL STREET (NEW YORK): FUNCIONAMIENTO Y TIPOS DE OPERACIONES.
2. MERCADO DEL ORO: FUNCIONAMIENTO Y TIPOS DE OPERACIONES.
3. DEUDA EXTERNA MUNDIAL: MERCADO DE LA DEUDA EXTERNA LATINOAMERICANA, TIPOS DE TÍTULOS QUE SE COTIZAN Y OPERACIONES; PLAN BRADY: CONCEPTO, VENTAJA Y DESVENTAJAS.
4. DEUDA EXTERNA VENEZOLANA: COMPORTAMIENTO DESDE 1983 HASTA NUESTROS DÍAS.
5. CLUB DE PARÍS: FUNCIONAMIENTO, VENTAJAS Y DESVENTAJAS.
6. MERCADO DE TÍTULOS ADR Y GDR: CONCEPTO Y FUNCIONAMIENTO DE ESTOS TÍTULOS.

TEMA 8: INVERSIÓN EXTERNA DIRECTA.

1. CONCEPTO.
2. EFECTOS DE LA INVERSIÓN EXTERNA DIRECTA EN LA BALANZA DE PAGOS EN EL PAÍS RECEPTOR Y DEL PAÍS INVERSOR.
3. LA EMPRESA MULTINACIONAL: DEFINICIÓN, CARACTERÍSTICAS, VENTAJA Y DESVENTAJAS DE SU INSTALACIÓN EN EL PAÍS.
4. FINANCIAMIENTO DE CASA MATRIZ A FILIAL Y VICEVERSA.
5. ASOCIACIONES ESTRATÉGICAS: CONCEPTO Y FUNCIONAMIENTO EN VENEZUELA (TRAER 02 MODELOS DE CASOS EN NUESTRO PAÍS).
6. COMPORTAMIENTO DE LA INVERSIÓN EXTRANJERA DIRECTA EN VENEZUELA DESDE 2005 HASTA NUESTROS DÍAS.

miércoles, 4 de junio de 2025

5 Costly Crypto Investing Mistakes to Avoid in Choppy Markets

Crypto markets can be a wild ride, with exhilarating highs often followed by gut-wrenching lows. Many investors see massive gains during bullish trends only to watch them evaporate in sideways or bearish phases. The key to preserving your portfolio lies in avoiding common pitfalls that trap even seasoned traders. This article dives into five critical mistakes crypto investors make in choppy markets and offers actionable strategies to steer clear of them. Whether you're a beginner or a veteran, these insights will help you navigate the volatile crypto landscape with discipline and confidence.

The Perils of Slow Decision-Making

In crypto, hesitation can be costly. Opportunities often arise from compelling setups — whether it's a promising chart pattern, a groundbreaking technological innovation, or strong on-chain signals like whale wallet activity. However, in dull or sideways markets, investors often become lethargic, missing the window to act. By the time social media buzz ignites and FOMO (fear of missing out) takes over, they jump in late, buying at the peak.

How to Avoid It:

  • Act Swiftly on Signals: Develop a system to identify opportunities early, using tools like technical analysis or on-chain data platforms (e.g., Glassnode or Nansen).
  • Resist FOMO: If a token is already trending heavily on platforms like X, it's often too late to enter. Accept that you've missed the train and wait for the next setup.
  • Fun Fact: According to a 2023 Chainalysis report, 60% of crypto trading volume occurs during periods of high market sentiment, often driven by FOMO, leading to overbought conditions.

Confusing Strength with a Trend Reversal

Three consecutive green candles on a chart can spark euphoria, but don't mistake short-term strength for a long-term trend reversal. A project may outperform a weak market due to a strong narrative or innovation, but without a robust thesis, it's unlikely to sustain a broader trend shift. For example, projects like Hyperliquid have shown exceptional strength due to unique narratives, but most tokens don't have that staying power.

How to Avoid It:

  • Build a Thesis: Before investing, ask why a project is gaining traction. Is it a fleeting pump or a fundamental shift? Research its technology, team, and market fit.
  • Focus on Established Tokens: In ecosystems like Virtuals, which recently pivoted to add utility to its token, stick to the primary token rather than chasing riskier, low-cap alternatives.
  • Curious Data Point: A 2024 Dune Analytics study found that 70% of low-cap tokens in emerging ecosystems lose 80% of their value within three months of a pump.

Emotional Frustration and the Vicious Cycle

Sideways or bearish markets breed frustration. Missed opportunities and lower returns can erode confidence, leading to a vicious cycle: you doubt your skills, enter trades late, lose money, and spiral further into self-doubt. This emotional rollercoaster clouds judgment and amplifies losses.

How to Avoid It:

  • Accept Lower Returns: Understand that choppy markets naturally yield lower profits. Focus on capital preservation over chasing unrealistic gains.
  • Adopt a Rational Strategy: Create a rule-based system for entries and exits, using predefined price levels, timeframes, or on-chain metrics (e.g., whale wallet sell-offs tracked via Etherscan).
  • Balance Intuition and Logic: Intuition plays a role in crypto, but anchor it with data-driven signals to avoid emotional trades.

Trading Out of Boredom

Boredom is a silent portfolio killer. In quiet markets, the lack of action tempts investors to make impulsive trades outside their comfort zone, chasing adrenaline rather than sound opportunities. These "boredom trades" often involve oversized positions in high-risk assets, leading to significant losses.

How to Avoid It:

  • Stick to Your Strategy: Only trade when your predefined signals align, regardless of how long it's been since your last move.
  • Manage Position Sizes: Avoid oversized bets on speculative trades, especially in unvetted projects.
  • Interesting Stat: A 2022 Coinbase study revealed that 25% of retail traders admitted to making impulsive trades during low-volatility periods, with 80% of those trades resulting in losses.

Ignoring Liquidity

Liquidity is the lifeblood of crypto markets, yet many investors overlook it. A project's market cap doesn't tell the whole story. For example, investing $10,000 in a project with $2 million market cap but only $100,000 in liquidity can lead to extreme volatility. Low liquidity amplifies price swings — up during buys, down during sells — potentially wiping out your capital in minutes.

How to Avoid It:

  • Check Liquidity Metrics: Use platforms like CoinMarketCap or DexTools to assess a token's trading volume and liquidity pool depth.
  • Secure Early Profits: In low-liquidity projects, take initial profits quickly to minimize exposure to sharp drops.
  • Quick Tip: Projects with liquidity below $500,000 often experience 50–90% price swings during sell-offs, per 2024 DeFiLlama data.

The Discipline Advantage: A Bonus Insight

In choppy or bearish markets, building large positions without a disciplined strategy is a recipe for disaster. The most successful investors in these phases aren't the smartest — they're the most disciplined. They stick to well-defined entry and exit plans, monitor market conditions closely, and avoid the "buy and forget" mentality.

Actionable Steps:

  • Set Clear Rules: Define entry prices, exit targets, and investment timeframes.
  • Stay Active: Choppy markets demand constant attention to avoid being caught off-guard by sudden shifts.
  • Pro Insight: If you're not confident navigating flat markets, sit them out. Waiting for a bullish trend can yield higher returns with lower risk, as bull markets historically amplify gains for patient investors (e.g., Bitcoin's 2020–2021 rally saw 300% returns for holders).

Conclusion: Master Discipline to Protect Your Portfolio

Crypto investing is as much about avoiding mistakes as it is about seizing opportunities. By acting decisively, distinguishing strength from trends, managing emotions, resisting boredom, and prioritizing liquidity, you can safeguard your portfolio in choppy markets. Discipline, not intelligence, is the key to surviving and thriving in these conditions. Reflect on your own trading habits: Are you falling into these traps? Share your experiences or additional mistakes you've encountered in the comments below — let's learn from each other to build stronger portfolios.



source: https://raglup.medium.com/5-costly-crypto-investing-mistakes-to-avoid-in-choppy-markets-f969a5322eea?source=rss-f56f44caad34------2

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