UNIVERSIDAD NACIONAL EXPERIMENTAL
"SIMÓN RODRÍGUEZ"
NÚCLEO PALO VERDE

CONTENIDO PROGRAMÁTICO

TEMA 1: GENERALIDADES.

1. DEFINICIÓN DE FINANZAS.
2. CONCEPTO DE FINANZAS INTERNACIONALES.
3. IMPORTANCIA DE LAS FINANZAS INTERNACIONALES.
4. NOMENCLATURA USADAS EN LAS FINANZAS INTERNACIONALES.
5. VALOR DE CAMBIO CON RESPECTO AL DÓLAR Y AL EURO.
6. TIPOS DE OPERACIONES INTERNACIONALES.
7. VENTAJAS Y DESVENTAJAS.

TEMA 2: BALANZA DE PAGOS.

1. CONCEPTO, CARACTERÍSTICAS, TIPOS DE CUENTAS.
2. REGISTRO DE LAS OPERACIONES CONTABLES.
3. PROBLEMAS EN EL REGISTRO DE LAS OPERACIONES EN LA BALANZA DE PAGOS.
4. ANÁLISIS DE LOS EFECTOS DE LA BALANZA DE PAGOS.
5. DESCRIPCIÓN DE LA BALANZA DE PAGOS EN VENEZUELA DESDE EL AÑO 2005 HASTA EL PRESENTE.

TEMA 3: SISTEMA MONETARIO INTERNACIONAL.

1. CONCEPTO DEL SISTEMA MONETARIO INTERNACIONAL.
2. SISTEMA PATRÓN ORO: DEFINICIÓN Y FUNCIONAMIENTO.
3. SISTEMA BRETÓN WOODS: CONCEPTO Y CARACTERÍSTICAS, COMPORTAMIENTO DESDE 1944 HASTA EL PRESENTE.
4. INSTITUCIONES FINANCIERAS INTERNACIONALES: FONDO MONETARIO INTERNACIONAL: SU CREACIÓN, FUNCIONES, TIPOS DE SERVICIO QUE PRESTA, ROL DE ESTOS ORGANISMOS A NIVEL GLOBAL EN LOS ÚLTIMOS AÑOS.
5. BANCO MUNDIAL: CREACIÓN, FUNCIONES, TIPOS DE SERVICIO QUE PRESTA Y ROL DE ESTE ORGANISMO MUNDIAL EN LOS ÚLTIMOS TIEMPOS HASTA EL PRESENTE.
6. BANCO INTERNACIONAL DE PAGO (COMPENSACIÓN): ACUERDO DE BASILEA: SU CREACIÓN, FUNCIONES Y TIPOS DE SERVICIO QUE PRESTA.
7. SISTEMA MONETARIO EUROPEO: CREACIÓN, ESTRUCTURA, FUNCIONES Y TIPOS DE SERVICIO QUE PRESTA.
8. LA MONEDA EURO: COTIZACIÓN, ESTRUCTURA (CANASTA DE VARIAS MONEDAS).
9. DERECHO ESPECIAL DE GIRO: CONCEPTO, FUNCIONES Y ESTRUCTURA.

TEMA 4: MERCADO CAMBIARIO.

1. CONCEPTO DE DIVISA.
2. MERCADO DE DIVISAS.
3. OPERACIONES DE CAMBIO EN EL MERCADO INTERNACIONAL.
4. TIPOS DE COTIZACIONES DE CAMBIO.
5. CONTRATOS A FUTURO (FORWARD): CONCEPTO, FUNCIONES Y TIPOS DE CONTRATOS.
6. SISTEMA CAMBIARIO DE BANDAS: DEFINICIÓN Y FUNCIONAMIENTO.
7. RIESGO CAMBIARIO: CONCEPTO, ELEMENTOS FUNDAMENTALES DEL RIESGO CAMBIARIO: POSICIÓN CORTA Y POSICIÓN LARGA, TIPOS DE RIESGOS DE CAMBIO: TRANSACCIÓN DE BALANCE Y ECONÓMICO, ENDEUDAMIENTO EMPRESARIAL EN MONEDA EXTRANJERA.
8. COMPORTAMIENTO DEL MERCADO CAMBIARIO EN VENEZUELA DESDE 2005 HASTA EL PRESENTE.

TEMA 5: MERCADO FINANCIERO INTERNACIONAL.

1. CONCEPTO Y FINALIDAD.
2. ESTRUCTURA DEL MERCADO FINANCIERO INTERNACIONAL.
3. TIPOS Y FUNCIONAMIENTO DE LOS CRÉDITOS INTERNACIONALES. (TRAER MODELO).
4. MERCADO DE EURODÓLARES: TIPOS Y FUNCIONAMIENTO (TRAER MODELO).
5. MERCADO INTERNACIONAL DE BONOS: CLASIFICACIÓN DEL MERCADO DE BONOS, ESTRUCTURA Y FUNCIONAMIENTO.
6. MERCADO DE EUROCRÉDITOS: ESTRUCTURA Y FUNCIONAMIENTO.

TEMA 6: FINANCIAMIENTO DEL COMERCIO INTERNACIONAL.

1. CONCEPTO Y FINALIDAD.
2. CARTA DE CRÉDITO: DEFINICIÓN, TIPOS, MODALIDADES, VENTAJAS Y DESVENTAJAS (TRAER MODELO).
3. COBRO DOCUMENTARIO: CONCEPTO Y TIPOS (TRAER MODELO).
4. ACEPTACIÓN BANCARIA: CONCEPTO Y TIPOS. (TRAER MODELO).
5. FACTORIZACIÓN: DEFINICIÓN Y TIPOS (TRAER MODELO).
6. FORFETIZACIÓN: CONCEPTO Y TIPOS (TRAER MODELO).
7. ARRENDAMIENTO INTERNACIONAL: CONCEPTO Y TIPOS (TRAER MODELO).
8. PERMUTA INTERNACIONAL: CONCEPTO Y TIPOS (TRAER MODELO).

TEMA 7: MERCADO BURSÁTIL INTERNACIONAL.

1. MERCADO WALL STREET (NEW YORK): FUNCIONAMIENTO Y TIPOS DE OPERACIONES.
2. MERCADO DEL ORO: FUNCIONAMIENTO Y TIPOS DE OPERACIONES.
3. DEUDA EXTERNA MUNDIAL: MERCADO DE LA DEUDA EXTERNA LATINOAMERICANA, TIPOS DE TÍTULOS QUE SE COTIZAN Y OPERACIONES; PLAN BRADY: CONCEPTO, VENTAJA Y DESVENTAJAS.
4. DEUDA EXTERNA VENEZOLANA: COMPORTAMIENTO DESDE 1983 HASTA NUESTROS DÍAS.
5. CLUB DE PARÍS: FUNCIONAMIENTO, VENTAJAS Y DESVENTAJAS.
6. MERCADO DE TÍTULOS ADR Y GDR: CONCEPTO Y FUNCIONAMIENTO DE ESTOS TÍTULOS.

TEMA 8: INVERSIÓN EXTERNA DIRECTA.

1. CONCEPTO.
2. EFECTOS DE LA INVERSIÓN EXTERNA DIRECTA EN LA BALANZA DE PAGOS EN EL PAÍS RECEPTOR Y DEL PAÍS INVERSOR.
3. LA EMPRESA MULTINACIONAL: DEFINICIÓN, CARACTERÍSTICAS, VENTAJA Y DESVENTAJAS DE SU INSTALACIÓN EN EL PAÍS.
4. FINANCIAMIENTO DE CASA MATRIZ A FILIAL Y VICEVERSA.
5. ASOCIACIONES ESTRATÉGICAS: CONCEPTO Y FUNCIONAMIENTO EN VENEZUELA (TRAER 02 MODELOS DE CASOS EN NUESTRO PAÍS).
6. COMPORTAMIENTO DE LA INVERSIÓN EXTRANJERA DIRECTA EN VENEZUELA DESDE 2005 HASTA NUESTROS DÍAS.

sábado, 20 de enero de 2024

Linux Command Line Hackery Series - Part 6


Welcome back to Linux Command Line Hackery series, I hope you've enjoyed this series so far and would have learned something (at least a bit). Today we're going to get into user management, that is we are going to learn commands that will help us add and remove users and groups. So bring it on...

Before we get into adding new users to our system lets first talk about a command that will be useful if you are a non-root user.

Command: sudo
Syntax: sudo [options] command
Description: sudo allows a permitted user to execute a command as a superuser or another user.

Since the commands to follow need root privileges, if you are not root then don't forget to prefix these commands with sudo command. And yes you'll need to enter the root password in order to execute any command with sudo as root.

Command: useradd
Syntax: useradd [options] username
Description: this command is used for creating new user but is kinda old school.
Lets try to add a new user to our box.
[Note: I'm performing these commands as root user, you'll need root privileges to add a new user to your box. If you aren't root then you can try these commands by prefixing the sudo command at the very beginning of these command like this sudo useradd joe. You'll be prompted for your root password, enter it and you're good to go]

useradd joe

To verify that this command has really added a user to our box we can look at three files that store a users data on a Linux box, which are:

/etc/passwd -> this file stores information about a user separated by colons in this manner, first is login name, then in past there used to be an encrypted password hash at the second place however since the password hashes were moved to shadow file now it has a cross (x) there, then there is user id, after it is the user's group id, following it is a comment field, then the next field contains users home directory, and at last is the login shell of the user.

/etc/group  -> this file stores information about groups, that is id of the group and to which group an user belongs.

/etc/shadow -> this file stores the encrypted password of users.

Using our command line techniques we learned so far lets check out these files and verify if our user has been created:

cat /etc/passwd /etc/group /etc/shadow | grep joe



In the above screenshot you can notice an ! in the /etc/shadow, this means the password of this user has not been set yet. That means we have to set the password of user joe manually, lets do just that.

Command: passwd
Syntax: passwd [options] [username]
Description: this command is used to change the password of user accounts.
Note that this command needs root privileges. So if you are not root then prefix this command with sudo.

passwd joe



After typing this command, you'll be prompted password and then for verifying your password. The password won't show up on the terminal.
Now joe's account is up and running with a password.

The useradd command is a old school command, lets create a new user with a different command which is kinda interactive.

Command: adduser
Syntax: adduser [options] user
Description: adduser command adds a user to the system. It is more friendly front-end to the useradd command.

So lets create a new user with adduser.

adduser jane



as seen in the image it prompts for password, full name and many other things and thus is easy to use.

OK now we know how to create a user its time to create a group which is very easy.

Command: addgroup
Syntax: addgroup [options] groupname
Description: This command is used to create a new group or add an existing user to an existing group.

We create a new group like this

addgroup grownups



So now we have a group called grownups, you can verify it by looking at /etc/group file.
Since joe is not a grownup user yet but jane is we'll add jane to grownups group like this:

addgroup jane grownups



Now jane is the member of grownups.

Its time to learn how to remove a user from our system and how to remove a group from the system, lets get straight to that.

Command: deluser
Syntax: deluser [options] username
Description: remove a user from system.

Lets remove joe from our system

deluser joe

Yes its as easy as that. But remember by default deluser will remove the user without removing the home directory or any other files owned by the user. Removing the home directory can be achieved by using the --remove-home option.

deluser jane --remove-home

Also the --remove-all-files option removes all the files from the system owned by the user (better watch-out). And to create a backup of all the files before deleting use the --backup option.

We don't need grownups group so lets remove it.

Command: delgroup
Syntax: delgroup [options] groupname
Description: remove a group from the system.

To remove grownups group just type:

delgroup grownups



That's it for today hope you got something in your head.

Continue reading


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